Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive echnologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans –thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.

Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Bio fortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents.

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass.

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State:

Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.

Solid State:

Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d – orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements(only upto Atomic Numbers 30), extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. First law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation.

Different methods for expressing concentration of solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions – relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, Van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half – lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions – Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Hydrogen as a fuel.

General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds – sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Group wise study of the p – block elements

Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of diborane, aluminium chloride and alums.

Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; Structure & properties of silicates, and zeolites.

Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotropic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus.

Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid.

Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Occurrence and uses of noble gases.

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄. Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Transition Elements

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation.

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation.

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer – Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH₃ and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of – hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Carboxylic acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Chemicals in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples. Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples. Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

• Physical Classification of matter –solids, liquids, gases.
• Chemical Classification of matter – element, compounds and mixtures
• Symbols of elements and valency, writing of chemical formulae of simple compounds.
• Calculation of percentage of elements in the following compounds using atomic and molecular masses of CaCO3, NaCl, CuSO4, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, C2H2O4. (Atomic mass of elements should be provided)
• Chemical equations, thermo-chemical equations, balancing of chemical equations (hit and trial method)

• Fundamental particles- mass and charges of electrons, protons and neutrons with names of the scientists who discovered these fundamental particles.
• Bohr’s model of atom and successes and drawbacks of Bohr’s Model of atom (qualitative treatment only).
• Atomic number, atomic mass number isotopes and isobars.
• Definition of orbit and orbitals, shapes of s and p orbitals only, quantum numbers and their significance,
• Aufbau’s principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule electronic configuration of elements with atomic number (Z) = 30 only. (Electronic configurations of elements with atomic number greater than 30 are excluded).
• Modern periodic law and periodic table, groups and periods, classification of elements into s, p, d and f blocks (periodicity in properties – excluded)
• Chemical bonding and cause of bonding and types of chemical bonding; Ionic bond (example NaCl) and Covalent bond (sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds) with examples of H2, O2 ,N2 and CH4. Elementary idea of hybridization and its types (sp3, sp2 & sp) with examples of CH4 BF3 & BeCl2.
• Metallic bonding- explanation with the help of electron gas (sea) model.

• Definition of solution, solute and solvent with examples
• Methods to express the concentration of solution- molarity (M), molality
• (m) and normality (N) and numericals based on calculation of M, m and N
• Introduction to pH of solution, simple numericals on pH and industrial applications of pH.
• Definition of buffer solution and types of buffer solutions with examples and industrial applications of buffers solutions.

• Demonstration of water resources on Earth using pie chart.
• Classification of water – soft water and hard water, action of soap on hard water, types of hardness, causes of hardness, units of hardness – mg per liter (mgL-1) and part per million (ppm) and simple numericals.
• Disadvantages caused by the use of hard water in domestic and boiler feed water.
• Removal of hardness -Permutit process and Ion-exchange process.
• Chemical analysis of water for estimation of
• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Alkalinity of water
• Drinking water and characteristics of drinking water.
• Natural water sterilization by chlorine and UV radiation and reverse osmosis (elementary idea).

• Electronic concept of oxidation, reduction and redox reactions
• Definition of terms: electrolytes, non-electrolytes with suitable examples
• Faradays laws of electrolysis and simple numerical problems.
• Industrial Application of Electrolysis – Electroplating, electrolytic refining and electrometallurgy.
• Application of redox reactions in electrochemical cells – commercial dry cell (Primary), commercially used lead storage battery (Secondary cell).

• Tetra valency and catenation property of carbon to produce huge organic compounds.
• Classification of organic compounds on the bases of functional groups
• Nomenclature of simple organic compounds in accordance with I.U.P.A.C. (compounds having two carbon atoms in a molecule belongs to alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl chlorides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines) (compounds containing more than one functional groups are excluded) and their common names (if any)

                     

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Partnership: features, Partnership Deed, Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed, Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts, Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account- division of profit among partners, guarantee of profits, Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio), Goodwill: nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation – average profit, super profit and capitalization.

Accounting for Partnership firms – Reconstitution and Dissolution, Change in the Profit Sharing Ratio, Admission of a partner, Retirement and death of a partner, Dissolution of a partnership firm.

Share and share capital: nature and types.

Accounting for share capital: issue and allotment of equity shares, issue of shares for consideration other than cash. Concept of Private Placement and Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP), Accounting treatment of forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Disclosure of share capital in company’s Balance Sheet.

Accounting for Debentures

Debentures: Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at a discount. Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash; Issue of debentures with terms of redemption; debentures as collateral security-concept, interest on debentures,

Redemption of debentures: Lump sum, draw of lots and purchase in the open market (excluding ex-interest and cum-interest). Creation of Debenture Redemption Reserve. Conversion method.

Note: Related sections of the Indian Companies Act, 2013 will apply.

Financial statements of a company: Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in the prescribed form with major headings and sub headings (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013).

Financial Statement Analysis: Objectives, importance and limitations.

Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements, cash flow analysis, ratio analysis.

Accounting Ratios: Objectives, classification and computation of Liquidity Ratios, Solvency Ratios, Activity Ratios, and Profitability Ratios.

Meaning, objectives and preparation.

Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Consumer’s equilibrium – meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer’s equilibrium using marginal utility analysis. Indifference curve analysis of consumer’s equilibrium-the consumer’s budget
Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand – factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of demand.

Perfect competition – Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.
Other Market Forms – monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly – their meaning and features.
Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Some basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
Circular flow of income; Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP, GDP and Welfare.

Money – its meaning and functions.

Supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short–run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; balance of payments deficit-meaning. Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

Management – concept, objectives and importance, Management as Science, Art and Profession, Levels of management, Management functions – planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling, Coordination – concept, characteristics and importance

Principles of Management – concept, nature and significance, Fayol’s principles of management, Taylor’s Scientific Management – principles and techniques

Business Environment – concept and importance, Dimensions of Business Environment – Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal, Impact of Government policy changes on business with special reference to liberalization, privatization and globalization in India.

Concept, importance and limitations, Planning process, Single use and Standing Plans – Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget and Programme.

Concept and importance, Organizing Process, Structure of organization – functional and divisional, Formal and informal organization, Delegation: concept, elements and importance, Decentralization: concept and importance.

Concept and importance of staffing, Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management, Staffing process: Recruitment – sources; Selection – process, Training and Development – Concept and importance. Methods of training- on the job and off the job- Induction training, vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training.

Concept and importance, Elements of Directing: – Supervision – concept, functions of a supervisor. – Motivation – Concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; Financial and non-financial incentives. – Leadership – concept, styles – authoritative, democratic and laissen faire. – Communication – concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective; communication, how to overcome the barriers.

Concept, nature and importance, Relationship between planning and controlling, Steps in the process of control

Concept and objectives of financial management, financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend and factors affecting, Financial planning – concept and importance, Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting, Fixed and Working Capital – concept and factors affecting their requirements.

Financial Markets: concept and types, Money market and its instruments, Capital market and its types (primary and secondary), Stock Exchange – functions and training procedure. Depository Services and D’mat Account, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – objectives and functions.

Marketing – concept and functions, Marketing management philosophies, Marketing Mix – concept, Product – concept, branding, labeling and packaging. Price – factors determining price, Physical distribution- concept, channels of distribution: types, choice of channels, Promotion -concept and elements; advertising- concept, role, objections against advertising, personal selling – concept and qualities of a good salesman, sales promotion – concept and techniques, public relations – concept and role.

Concept and importance of consumer protection, Consumer Protection Act 1986, Meaning of consumer and consumer protection, Rights and responsibilities of consumers, who can file a complaint and against whom? Redressed machinery, Remedies available, Consumer awareness – Role of consumer organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

Evolution of computers; Basics of computer and its operation: Functional Components and their inter-connections, concept of Booting, Use of Operating System for directory listing, hierarchical directory structure, renaming, deleting files/folders, formatting floppy, copying files, concepts of path and pathname, switching between tasks, installation/removal of applications; Internal Storage encoding of Characters: ASCII, ISCII (Indian scripts Standard Code for Information Interchange), UNICODE; Types of Memory: Cache (L1, L2), Buffer, RAM (DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDRAM), ROM (PROM, EPROM), Access Time; Concepts of Accumulator, Instruction Register, and Program Counter

Word Processing

Word processing concepts: saving, closing, Opening an existing document, Selecting text, Editing text, Finding and replacing text, printing documents, Creating and Printing Merged Documents, Character and Paragraph Formatting, Page Design and Layout. Editing and Profiling Tools: Checking and correcting spellings. Handling Graphics, Creating Tables and Charts, Document Templates and Wizards.

Spreadsheet Package

Spreadsheet Concepts, Creating, Saving and Editing a Workbook, Inserting, Deleting Work Sheets, entering data in a cell / formula Copying and Moving from selected cells, handling operators in Formulae, Functions: Mathematical, Logical, statistical, text, financial, Date and Time functions, Using Function Wizard. Formatting a Worksheet: Formatting Cells – changing data alignment, changing date, number, character or currency format, changing font, adding borders and colors, Printing worksheets, Charts and Graphs – Creating, Previewing, Modifying Charts. Integrating word processor, spread sheets, web pages.

WWW and Web Browsers: Web Browsing software, Surfing the Internet, Chatting on Internet, Basic of electronic mail, Using Emails, Document handling, Network definition, Common terminologies: LAN, WAN, Node, Host, Workstation, And bandwidth, Network Components: Severs, Clients, Communication Media.

C++ character set, C++ Tokens (Identifiers, Keywords, Constants, Operators), Structure of a C++ Program (include files, main function); Header files – iostream.h, iomanip.h; cout, cin; Use of I/O operators (<< and >>), Use of endl and setw(), Cascading of I/O operators, Error Messages; Use of editor, basic commands of editor, compilation, linking and execution; standard input/output operations from C language: gets(), puts() of stdio.h header file.

Types of Programming language and Paradigms; Java – what, where and why? Platform independency; Comparison in Java with C and C++; Role of Java Programmer in Industry; Java Evolution and History ; Features of Java Language.; The Java Virtual Machine (JVM); Java’s Magic Byte code; JDK , JRE and JIT; Data types; Operators; Control Statements; Arrays; Enhanced for-loop; Enumerated types; C-style formatted I/O ; Variable arguments

Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Consumer’s equilibrium – meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer’s equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.

Indifference curve analysis of consumer’s equilibrium-the consumer’s budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer’s equilibrium.

Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand – factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of demand – (a) percentage-change method and (b) geometric method (linear demand curve); relationship between price elasticity of demand and total expenditure.

Production function – Short-Run and Long-Run

Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product.

Returns to a Factor.

Cost and Revenue: Short run costs – total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; Average cost; Average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationship.

Revenue – total, average and marginal revenue – meaning and their relationship.

Producer’s equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue-marginal cost.

Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply – (a) percentage change method and (b) geometric method.

Perfect competition – Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.

Other Market Forms – monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly – their meaning and features.

Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Some basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income; Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; National Disposable Income (gross and net), Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP. GDP and Welfare.

Money – its meaning and functions.

Supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Controller of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

Short–run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.

Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – change in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; balance of payments deficit-meaning.

Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

                     

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This test is designed to assess the test takers’ general proficiency in the use of English language as a means of self-expression in real life situations and specifically to test the test takers’ knowledge of basic grammar, their vocabulary, their ability to read fast and comprehend, and also their ability to apply the elements of effective writing.

Agreement, Time and Tense, Parallel construction, Relative pronouns, Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Adjectives, Voice, Transformation, Question tags, Phrasal verbs.

Synonyms, Antonyms, Odd Word, One Word, Jumbled letters, Homophones, Spelling, Contextual meaning, Analogy.

Content/ideas, Vocabular, Referents, Idioms/Phrases, Reconstruction (rewording).

Rearrangement, Paragraph Unity, Linkers/Connectives.

• Coding Decoding
• Direction Sense
• Clocks & Calendars
• Syllogism
• Cubes & Dice
• Alphabetical Series
• Blood Relation
• Input-Output
• Seating Arrangement
• Inequalities
• Mirror Image
• Water Image
• Embedded Images
• Non-Verbal Analogy
• Non-Verbal Series
• Pattern Completion
• Analogy
• Odd one out
• Paper Folding
• Paper Cutting & Folding
• Symboperations

                     

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Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;. one one, into and onto functions, composition of functions.

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number.

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Ad joint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M.

Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.

Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type:dy+ p (x) y = q (x)dx

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates 10 in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.

Straight lines

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.

Circles, conic sections

Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent.

Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.

Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.

Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.

• Complex Numbers: Complex number, representation, modulus and amplitude.
• Basics and properties of logarithms.
• Partial fractions (linear factors, repeated linear factors, non-reducible quadratic factors excluding repeated factors).
• Meaning of npr & ncr (mathematical expression). Binomial theorem (without proof) for positive integral index (expansion and general form); binomial theorem for any index (expansion without proof), first and second binomial approximation with applications to engineering problems.
• Determinants and Matrices – Expansion of determinants (upto 3rd order, using properties and otherwise), solution of equations (upto 3 unknowns) by Crammer’s rule, definition of Matrices with types, addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices (upto 3rd order), Minors and Co-factors, inverse of a Matrix by Adjoint method (upto 3rd order), solution of simultaneous equations (upto 3rd order) by Matrix method. Area of a triangle using determinants.

• Concept of angle, measurement of angle in degrees, grades and radians and their conversions.
• T-Ratios of Allied angles (without proof), Sum, Difference formulae and their applications (without proof). Product formulae (Transformation of product to sum, difference and vice versa). T-Ratios of multiple angles, sub-multiple angles (2A, 3A, A/2).
• Applications of Trigonometric terms in engineering problems such as to find an angle of elevation, height, distance etc.

• Cartesian and Polar coordinates (two dimensional), conversion from Cartesian to Polar coordinates and vice-versa
• Slope of a line, equation of straight line in various standards forms (without proof); (slope intercept form, intercept form, one-point form, two-point form, symmetric form, normal form, general form), inter section of two straight lines, concurrency of lines, angle between straight lines, parallel and perpendicular lines, perpendicular distance formula, conversion of general form of equation to the various forms.
• General equation of a circle and its characteristics. To find the equation of a circle, given:

Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work doneon compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

Periodic motion – period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. – kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound.

Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge. Potentiometer – principle and its applications.

Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.

Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davisson Germer experiment.

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

• Physical quantities Units – fundamental and derived units, systems of units (FPS, CGS and SI units)
• Dimensions and dimensional formulae of physical quantities (area, volume, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, work, power, energy, surface tension, coefficient of viscosity, stress, strain, moment of inertia, gravitational constant.)
• Principle of homogeneity of dimensions
• Dimensional equations and their applications, conversion from one system of units to other, checking of dimensional equations and derivation of simple equations)
• Limitations of dimensional analysis
• Error in measurement, absolute error, relative error, rules for representing significant figures in calculation.
• Application of units and dimensions in measuring length, diameter, circumference, volume, surface area etc. of metallic and non-metallic blocks, wires, pipes etc (at least two each).

• Scalar and vector quantities – examples, representation of vector, types of vectors
• Addition and Subtraction of Vectors, Triangle and Parallelogram law (Statement only), Scalar and Vector Product.
• Resolution of Vectors and its application to lawn roller.
• Force, Momentum, Statement and Derivation of Conservation of linear momentum, its applications such as recoil of gun.
• Impulse and its Applications
• Circular motion, definition of angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, frequency, time period.
• Relation between linear and angular velocity, linear acceleration and angular acceleration (related numerical)
• Expression and Applications of Centripetal and centrifugal forces with examples such as banking of roads and bending of cyclist
• Application of various forces in lifts, cranes, large steam engines and turbines

• Work: and its units, examples of zero work, positive work and negative work
• Friction: modern concept, types, laws of limiting friction, Coefficient of friction and its Engineering Applications.
• Work done in moving an object on horizontal and inclined plane for rough and plane surfaces with its applications
• Energy and its units: Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy with examples and their derivation
• Principle of conservation of mechanical energy for freely falling bodies, examples of transformation of energy.
• Power and its units, calculation of power in numerical problems
• Application of Friction in brake system of moving vehicles, bicycle, scooter, car trains etc.

• Concept of translatory and rotatory motions with examples
• Definition of torque and angular momentum and their examples
• Conservation of angular momentum (quantitative) and its examples
• Moment of inertia and its physical significance, radius of gyration for rigid body, Theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes (statements only), Moment of inertia of rod, disc, ring and sphere (hollow and solid) (Formulae only).
• Application of rotational motions in transport vehicles, and machines.

• Elasticity: definition of stress and strain, different types of modulii of elasticity, Hooke’s law, significance of stress strain curve
• Pressure: definition, its units, atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, absolute pressure, Fortin’s Barometer and its applications
• Surface tension: concept, its units, angle of contact, Ascent Formula (No derivation), applications of surface tension, effect of temperature and impurity on surface tension
• Viscosity and coefficient of viscosity: Terminal velocity, Stoke’s law and effect of temperature on viscosity, application in hydraulic systems.
• Concept of fluid motion, stream line and turbulent flow, Reynold’s number Equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s Theorem and their applications (no derivation and numerical).

• Difference between heat and temperature
• Modes of transfer of heat (Conduction, convection and radiation with examples)
• Different scales of temperature and their relationship
• Types of Thermometer (Mercury Thermometer, Bimetallic Thermometer, Platinum resistance Thermometer, Pyrometer)
• Expansion of solids, liquids and gases, coefficient of linear, surface and cubical expansions and relation amongst them
• Concept of Co-efficient of thermal conductivity
• Application of various systems of thermometry in refrigeration and air- conditioning etc.

Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non Aligned Movement, quest for new international economic order. India and the cold war.

New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states and Central Asian states, Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’s relations with Russia and other post-communist countries.

Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA.

Rise of China as an economic power in post-Maoera, creation and expansion of European Union, ASEAN. India’s changing relations with China.

Democratisation in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, Impact of economic globalization on the region. Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.

Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organisations, NGOs. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?

Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health and education. Issues of human rights and migration.

Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India’s stand in global environmental debates.

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalisation. Anti-globalisation movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggle against it.

Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of ‘refugee’ resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organisation and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language.

First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition parties.

Five year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests. Famine and suspension of five year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.

Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971. India’s nuclear programme. Shifting alliance in world politics.

Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967, Congress split and reconstitution, Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of ‘garibi hatao’.

Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organisations.

Farmers’ movements, Women’s movement, Environment and Development-affected people’s movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath.

Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in the North East.

Participatory upsurge in1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. Increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics. Coalition governments: NDA (1998 – 2004), UPA (2004 – 2014), NDA (2014 onwards)

• Classification of Numbers
• Divisibility & BODMAS
• L.C.M & H.C.F
• Remainders, Factorials & Unit digit of Higher powers
• Percentage
• Profit & Loss
• Problem on Ages
• Simple & Compound Interest
• Ratio, Proportion & Variation
• Partnership
• Averages
• Mixture & Alligation
• Time & work
• Pipes & Cistens
• Time, Speed & Distance
• Problem on Trains
• Boats & Streams
• Permutation & Combination
• Probability
• True discount and Bankers Discount
• Polynomials, Quadratic Equations

Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community

Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions

Market as a Social Institution

Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization

Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Agrarian Society